Worth Reading
SBB Research Group on the Police-Public Contact Survey
While many people are familiar with the United States Census every 10 years as mandated by the Constitution, over 100 different surveys are conducted by the US Census Bureau each year. SBB Research Group summarizes vital information from Census.gov about these lesser-known—but significant—surveys in this educational series.
What is the Police-Public Contact Survey?
The Police-Public Contact Survey is part of the more extensive National Crime Victimization Survey, which collects and reports detailed information on persons who had contact with the police. The following categories define contact:
- police-initiated: pulled over in a traffic stop, approached in a public place (street stop), arrested, or other modes of being approached by police
- resident-initiated: calls to police to report a crime, reporting a non-crime emergency, participating in neighborhood watch, or other reasons to approach a police officer
- traffic accident: this falls in between the other two categories.
Of note, some residents experienced multiple types of contact in an interaction with police which were not separated. Data have been collected periodically since 1996 on residents older than 16.
The most recent report published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in December 2020 documented the characteristics of US residents in contact with the police in 2018 and compared it to the 2015 data. In 2018, 23.7% of the population (61,542,300 residents) were in contact with police, an increase from 2015 which was 21.1% or 53,469,300. Much of the police contact was in the form of resident-initiated (13.7% in 2018 and 10.7% in 2015, a significant change) compared to police-initiated (11.1% in 2018 and 10.8% in 2015, not a significant change) and traffic accidents (3.4% in 2018 and 13.1% in 2015). Additionally, males (12.5%) were more likely than females (9.9%) to have police-initiated contact, whereas females (14.2%) were more likely to have resident-initiated contact than males (13.1%).
Income also affected the rate of contact with police. The survey divided groups based on annual household income: $24,999 or less, $25,000-$49,999, $50,000-$74,999, and $75,000 or more. Interestingly, residents who made over $75,000 were more likely to have contact with the police than the other income groups. However, that was driven by resident-initiated contact and partially by traffic-accident contact (see Table 1). There were no differences between income groups in police-initiated contact.
| Table 1: Difference between income groups in police contact | ||||||
| Income groups | Police contact | Resident-initiated contact | Police-initiated contact | Traffic-accident contact | ||
| $24,999 or less | 23.0% | 11.4% | 13.1% | 3.4% | ||
| $25,000-$49,999 | 21.9% | 10.6% | 12.3% | 3.1% | ||
| $50,000-$74,999 | 23.1% | 11.0% | 13.3% | 3.3% | ||
| $75,000 or more | 25.7%** | 11.5% | 15.0%** | 3.8%* | ||
| Note: **indicates a significant difference between groups at 95% confidence interval, *indicates a significant difference between groups at 90% confidence interval | ||||||
These data also report the proportion of residents who experienced nonfatal threats or use of force and whether the resident perceived these experiences as excessive or necessary. Threat or force was defined as pushing, handcuffing, hitting, grabbing, using pepper spray, using a taser, or pointing a gun. According to the 2018 results, males (4.2%) were more likely than females (1.1%) to experience threats or force. However, males and females did not statistically differ in their perception of whether the use of force was necessary or excessive (see Table 2). Additionally, there were differences between age groups. The PPCS segmented the data into five age groups: 16-17, 18-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65 or older. The 45-64 and the 65 or older groups experienced less use of force than the other age groups. More people in age groups 16-17, 25-44, and 45-64 perceived the use of force necessary, whereas less thought of it as essential in the oldest age group. The oldest and youngest age groups felt that the use of force was excessive (see Table 2).
| Table 2: Difference between age groups in police use of force | |||
| Group | Experienced force | Perceived as necessary | Perceived as excessive |
| Sex | |||
| Males | 4.2% | 26.0% | 52.9% |
| Females | 1.1%** | 34.0% | 42.5% |
| Age | |||
| 16-17 | 3.9% | 30.4%! | 62.0% |
| 18-24 | 3.5% | 16.3% | 59.4% |
| 25-44 | 3.6% | 30.9%** | 46.8% |
| 45-64 | 2%** | 33.9%** | 47.7% |
| 65 or older | 0.4%** | 4.7%* | 63.1% |
| Note: **indicates a significant difference between groups at 95% confidence interval, *indicates a significant difference between groups at 90% confidence interval, ! indicates high variance | |||
How is the Data Used?
Media outlets, government agencies, and activists use these results to understand how different people interact with police. For example, given the current social attitudes toward law enforcement, media outlets may spotlight specific results from this survey to support their claims. Additionally, politicians use these data for policy change, and law enforcement agencies may use it to examine the effects of changed policy and practice. Therefore, sharing the complete data and its unbiased reports from the Census Bureau allows the public to view these data to gain a deeper understanding of police-public interactions.
Source: https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/police-public-contact-survey-ppcs
About SBB Research Group
SBB Research Group LLC is a Chicago-based investment management firm that views the market through a systematic, interdisciplinary lens. Led by applied mathematician Sam Barnett, Ph.D., and Matt Aven, an experienced professional in economics and computer science, the company specializes in investments designed to protect and grow investor capital.
Worth Reading
Local vs Long Distance Moves What You Need to Know
Not all moves are the same. A short move across town and a long-distance relocation come with very different challenges. Many people assume the process is similar, just with more miles added. That’s not the case. The planning, cost structure, and level of coordination all change once distance increases.
Pricing Works Differently
Local moves are usually charged by the hour. You pay based on how long the job takes, the number of movers, and sometimes the size of the truck. That means efficiency matters. The faster everything gets packed, loaded, and delivered, the lower the cost.
Long-distance moves are typically priced based on weight, volume, and distance. Instead of hours, you’re paying for space in the truck and how far it needs to travel. Additional services like packing, storage, or special handling can also affect the final price.
Understanding this difference helps you budget properly and avoid surprises.
Planning Timelines Are Not the Same
A local move can often be organized within a few days if needed. Long-distance moves require much more lead time.
You’ll need to coordinate pickup and delivery windows, which may not be on the same day. In some cases, your belongings will share space with other shipments, which can extend delivery times.
Booking early is essential for long-distance moves, especially during peak seasons.
Logistics Get More Complex
With local moves, everything usually happens in one day. The same crew loads, transports, and unloads your items.
Long-distance moves involve more moving parts. There may be different teams handling pickup and delivery. Routes need to be planned carefully, and delays such as weather or traffic can affect timing.
Some moves also involve temporary storage if your new place isn’t ready yet. That adds another layer of coordination.
Packing Standards Are Higher for Long Distance
When your belongings travel longer distances, they face more movement inside the truck. That increases the risk of damage if items aren’t packed properly.
For local moves, basic packing may be enough. For long-distance relocations, stronger boxes, better padding, and more secure wrapping are essential.
Professional movers in Toronto often recommend full or partial packing services for longer moves to reduce risk.
Delivery Expectations Differ
Local moves are straightforward. Your items arrive the same day, and you can start unpacking immediately.
Long-distance moves usually come with a delivery window rather than a fixed time. Depending on distance and logistics, it could take several days or even weeks for your belongings to arrive.
That means you’ll need to plan for essentials separately, including clothing, documents, and daily necessities.
Risk Increases With Distance
The longer your items are in transit, the greater the exposure to potential issues. Road conditions, handling during transfers, and extended travel time all play a role.
That’s why insurance or valuation coverage becomes more important for long-distance moves. It provides an added layer of protection if something goes wrong.
Choosing the Right Moving Company Matters More
For local moves, many companies can handle the job competently. For long-distance relocations, experience becomes critical.
You need a company that understands logistics, communicates clearly, and has a track record of handling longer routes. Delays, poor coordination, or lack of communication can quickly turn into major problems.
Check reviews, ask questions, and make sure everything is clearly outlined in the agreement.
Local and long-distance moves may seem similar on the surface, but they require very different approaches. A short move focuses on speed and efficiency. A long-distance move demands planning, coordination, and stronger protection for your belongings.
Knowing these differences helps you prepare properly and avoid costly mistakes. With the right approach and the right movers, both types of moves can be handled smoothly from start to finish.
Lifestyle
Moving Forward With Prayer: What Comes After the 21 Days With Dino Rizzo
As January closes and we move on to February, March, and the rest of the year, many people find themselves returning to normal routines after the momentum of a new year has faded. Pastor Dino Rizzo offers a reminder that prayer is not only a way to begin a season, but a way to carry faith forward every day. The best way to move into the months ahead is not by doing more, but by continuing to seek God first.
That’s why so many churches set aside 21 Days of Prayer at the start of the year, creating space to reset hearts, refocus priorities, and anchor life in God’s presence. This year’s 21 Days of Prayer and Fasting has ended, but the invitation remains the same: prayer isn’t meant to stay confined to January. It’s meant to shape the entire year.
Below, Rizzo shares practical insight on how to keep prayer at the center as you move forward. Rather than requiring a major shift in your schedule, praying first is built through small, intentional habits, often beginning with just the first fifteen minutes of the day.
What Does “Pray First” Mean?
To pray first means choosing prayer as your initial response rather than your last resort. Instead of reacting to emails, news, or responsibilities, you begin the day by acknowledging God, surrendering control, and inviting His direction.
Dino Rizzo on Why Prayer Comes Before Planning
Dino Rizzo has consistently taught that prayer aligns the heart before it activates the hands. Vision, leadership, and productivity flow more clearly when they are rooted in time with God. A life shaped by prayer creates a spiritual foundation that sustains you long after January ends.
How Do You Pray First Moving Forward?
You don’t need hours of uninterrupted silence or a perfect routine. Here’s a simple, practical approach:
Give God the First 15 Minutes
Before checking your phone or starting your day, set aside 15 minutes for prayer. Consistency matters more than length.
Start with Gratitude
Begin by thanking God for who He is and what He has already done. Gratitude softens the heart and builds faith.
Pray Scripture
Choose a short passage or Psalm and pray it back to God. This keeps prayer grounded and focused.
Surrender the Day
Offer your plans, responsibilities, and decisions to God. Ask for wisdom, clarity, and sensitivity to His leading.
Listen, Don’t Rush
Prayer is not only talking, it’s listening. Even a moment of stillness creates space for God to speak.
What are the 21 Days of Prayer?
Every year, churches across the nation set aside 21 Days of Prayer at the beginning of the year. While formats vary, the heart is the same: prioritizing prayer as a community and individually.
Even though this year’s season has ended, the purpose continues. These weeks serve as a reminder that spiritual renewal often begins with intentional focus—and daily prayer doesn’t have to stop when the calendar moves forward.
Why Praying First Changes the Entire Year
Prayer shapes what follows. When you continue putting God first, priorities tend to realign. Anxiety decreases. Faith increases. Decisions become clearer. Challenges are approached with trust instead of fear.
Rizzo often reminds leaders and families alike that who we become matters more than what we accomplish. Prayer forms the inner life before it impacts the outer one.
When God comes first, everything else finds its proper place.
About Dino Rizzo
Dino Rizzo, a 35-year ministry veteran, co-founded Healing Place Church with his wife, DeLynn, where he served as senior pastor for two decades, and is the Executive Director of the Association of Related Churches (ARC). Through his passion for inspiring believers to serve their communities, he also founded Servolution, a movement that encourages churches and individuals to become the “hands and feet of Jesus” by meeting tangible needs like food, housing, and support.
Meta Description:
Dino Rizzo shares simple, practical ways to keep prayer first and move forward with faith beyond January. These timeless habits reflect the heart behind the 21 Days of Prayer many churches observe each year.
Worth Reading
How the Association of Related Churches Helps Pastors Thrive Through Every Season
Pastoral leadership is not defined by a single launch moment or a season of rapid growth. It is shaped over time through faithfulness, perseverance, and the ability to navigate both moments of momentum and seasons of challenge. The Association of Related Churches (ARC) exists to support pastors throughout the full arc of ministry, helping leaders remain healthy, effective, and anchored in their calling.
From its earliest days, ARC has operated with a long-term perspective. Church planting is not viewed as a one-time milestone but as the beginning of a journey that unfolds over decades. That conviction shapes how pastors are supported well beyond the early years of leadership.
Support That Extends Beyond Launch Season
While the Association of Related Churches is often recognized for its role in church planting, its impact continues long after a church is launched. As congregations grow and leadership demands increase, new challenges naturally emerge. ARC was designed to walk with pastors through those transitions.
Ongoing coaching, peer connection, and access to experienced leaders allow pastors to navigate each new phase with wisdom and confidence. Leaders are able to draw from shared experience, learning how others have faced similar seasons and remained faithful through change.
A Relational Network Built for the Long Term
At the heart of the Association of Related Churches is a deeply relational network. Ministry leadership can feel isolating at times, especially during seasons of pressure or uncertainty. ARC counters that isolation by connecting pastors to trusted relationships rooted in shared mission and mutual understanding.
Through gatherings, ongoing connection, and peer-to-peer support, pastors find encouragement, accountability, and prayer. These relationships often become a sustaining force, reminding leaders that they are not carrying the weight of ministry alone.
A Focus on the Inner Life of Leaders
Thriving in ministry requires more than visible success. Personal health, spiritual depth, and integrity play a critical role in long-term leadership. Throughout the ARC network, leaders are continually reminded that who they are becoming matters just as much as what they are building.
Attention is given to character, emotional health, and unity at home, recognizing that unaddressed issues eventually affect leadership. By encouraging pastors to steward their inner lives well, the Association of Related Churches supports leadership that endures.
Navigating Change With Confidence and Clarity
Every ministry season brings change. Growth, transition, and new responsibility can stretch even the most seasoned leaders. Within the ARC community, pastors are equipped with tools and guidance that help them respond thoughtfully rather than reactively.
Learning from others who have already navigated similar transitions allows leaders to move forward with clarity. This shared wisdom helps pastors remain grounded in their calling while embracing the future with confidence.
Thriving Together Through Every Season
Ministry was never meant to be a solo journey. Through long-term relationships, shared experience, and a commitment to leadership health, the Association of Related Churches continues to help pastors thrive through every season of ministry while remaining faithful to the mission they were called to serve.
About the Association of Related Churches
The Association of Related Churches is a global network of independent churches from diverse denominations and backgrounds that strategically resource pastors and church planters to help them reach people with the message of Jesus. Founded in 2000, ARC has helped launch more than 1,180 life-giving churches around the world and continues to support leaders through training, coaching, and relational partnership.
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