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SBB Research Group on the Police-Public Contact Survey

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What is the Police-Public Contact Survey

While many people are familiar with the United States Census every 10 years as mandated by the Constitution, over 100 different surveys are conducted by the US Census Bureau each year. SBB Research Group summarizes vital information from Census.gov about these lesser-known—but significant—surveys in this educational series.

What is the Police-Public Contact Survey?

The Police-Public Contact Survey is part of the more extensive National Crime Victimization Survey, which collects and reports detailed information on persons who had contact with the police. The following categories define contact:

  • police-initiated: pulled over in a traffic stop, approached in a public place (street stop), arrested, or other modes of being approached by police
  • resident-initiated: calls to police to report a crime, reporting a non-crime emergency, participating in neighborhood watch, or other reasons to approach a police officer
  • traffic accident: this falls in between the other two categories.

Of note, some residents experienced multiple types of contact in an interaction with police which were not separated. Data have been collected periodically since 1996 on residents older than 16.

The most recent report published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in December 2020 documented the characteristics of US residents in contact with the police in 2018 and compared it to the 2015 data. In 2018, 23.7% of the population (61,542,300 residents) were in contact with police, an increase from 2015 which was 21.1% or 53,469,300. Much of the police contact was in the form of resident-initiated (13.7% in 2018 and 10.7% in 2015, a significant change) compared to police-initiated (11.1% in 2018 and 10.8% in 2015, not a significant change) and traffic accidents (3.4% in 2018 and 13.1% in 2015). Additionally, males (12.5%) were more likely than females (9.9%) to have police-initiated contact, whereas females (14.2%) were more likely to have resident-initiated contact than males (13.1%).

Income also affected the rate of contact with police. The survey divided groups based on annual household income: $24,999 or less, $25,000-$49,999, $50,000-$74,999, and $75,000 or more. Interestingly, residents who made over $75,000 were more likely to have contact with the police than the other income groups. However, that was driven by resident-initiated contact and partially by traffic-accident contact (see Table 1). There were no differences between income groups in police-initiated contact.

Table 1: Difference between income groups in police contact
Income groups Police contact Resident-initiated contact Police-initiated contact Traffic-accident contact
$24,999 or less 23.0% 11.4% 13.1% 3.4%
$25,000-$49,999 21.9% 10.6% 12.3% 3.1%
$50,000-$74,999 23.1% 11.0% 13.3% 3.3%
$75,000 or more 25.7%** 11.5% 15.0%** 3.8%*
Note: **indicates a significant difference between groups at 95% confidence interval, *indicates a significant difference between groups at 90% confidence interval

These data also report the proportion of residents who experienced nonfatal threats or use of force and whether the resident perceived these experiences as excessive or necessary. Threat or force was defined as pushing, handcuffing, hitting, grabbing, using pepper spray, using a taser, or pointing a gun. According to the 2018 results, males (4.2%) were more likely than females (1.1%) to experience threats or force. However, males and females did not statistically differ in their perception of whether the use of force was necessary or excessive (see Table 2). Additionally, there were differences between age groups. The PPCS segmented the data into five age groups: 16-17, 18-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65 or older. The 45-64 and the 65 or older groups experienced less use of force than the other age groups. More people in age groups 16-17, 25-44, and 45-64 perceived the use of force necessary, whereas less thought of it as essential in the oldest age group. The oldest and youngest age groups felt that the use of force was excessive (see Table 2).

Table 2: Difference between age groups in police use of force
Group Experienced force Perceived as necessary Perceived as excessive
Sex
    Males 4.2% 26.0% 52.9%
    Females 1.1%** 34.0% 42.5%
Age
   16-17 3.9% 30.4%! 62.0%
   18-24 3.5% 16.3% 59.4%
   25-44 3.6% 30.9%** 46.8%
   45-64 2%** 33.9%** 47.7%
   65 or older 0.4%** 4.7%* 63.1%
Note: **indicates a significant difference between groups at 95% confidence interval, *indicates a significant difference between groups at 90% confidence interval, ! indicates high variance

How is the Data Used?

Media outlets, government agencies, and activists use these results to understand how different people interact with police. For example, given the current social attitudes toward law enforcement, media outlets may spotlight specific results from this survey to support their claims. Additionally, politicians use these data for policy change, and law enforcement agencies may use it to examine the effects of changed policy and practice. Therefore, sharing the complete data and its unbiased reports from the Census Bureau allows the public to view these data to gain a deeper understanding of police-public interactions.

Source: https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/police-public-contact-survey-ppcs

About SBB Research Group

SBB Research Group LLC is a Chicago-based investment management firm that views the market through a systematic, interdisciplinary lens. Led by applied mathematician Sam Barnett, Ph.D., and Matt Aven, an experienced professional in economics and computer science, the company specializes in investments designed to protect and grow investor capital.

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Why More Property Projects Are Starting With Data Instead of Designs

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The Overlooked Step That Can Save Thousands During Construction

For decades, property development followed a familiar pattern. An idea emerged, plans were drawn, and consultants worked through the details as the project progressed.

That approach is changing.

Across the construction and property sectors, a growing number of projects are starting with data rather than design. Before architects develop concepts or builders prepare budgets, developers and property owners are investing more time in understanding the site itself.

The shift reflects a simple reality. Building mistakes have become more expensive.

Construction costs remain elevated, approval requirements have become more detailed, and project delays can quickly affect profitability. As a result, accurate site information is becoming one of the most valuable assets in the early stages of development.

One of the clearest examples of this trend is the growing importance of a detail survey.

These surveys provide a detailed picture of a property’s physical characteristics. They document land levels, slopes, drainage paths, structures, retaining walls, access points, vegetation, utility infrastructure, and other site features that may influence development decisions.

While surveying has always been part of construction, industry professionals say its role is expanding.

Instead of viewing surveys as a technical requirement that occurs after preliminary design work begins, many project teams are now using site data as the starting point for decision-making.

The reason is straightforward. Good information reduces uncertainty.

A block of land can appear simple at first glance while hiding challenges that affect cost, approvals, and construction. Drainage constraints, significant level changes, access limitations, retaining structures, easements, and existing infrastructure may not be obvious during an initial site inspection.

When these issues are discovered late in the process, they often trigger redesigns, approval delays, and construction variations.

When they are identified early, project teams can plan around them.

Architects are among the biggest beneficiaries of this approach.

Rather than designing based on assumptions, they can work from accurate information about site conditions. Building placement, floor levels, access arrangements, outdoor spaces, and drainage strategies can all be developed with greater confidence.

Engineers also rely heavily on accurate site data.

Stormwater management, retaining wall design, road access, earthworks, and structural planning all depend on understanding the physical characteristics of the land. Small errors in levels can have significant consequences once construction begins.

Builders have their own reasons for embracing the trend.

Accurate site information allows contractors to estimate excavation requirements, assess access challenges, and identify potential construction risks before pricing a project. This can improve budget accuracy and reduce the likelihood of unexpected costs emerging later.

Technology is accelerating the shift.

Modern surveying methods allow large amounts of site data to be captured quickly and accurately. Digital terrain models, drone surveys, laser scanning, and advanced mapping systems provide information that can be integrated directly into design software.

As a result, consultants across multiple disciplines can work from the same data source.

This improves coordination and reduces the possibility of conflicting assumptions between project stakeholders.

The trend is also influencing property transactions.

Increasingly, buyers, developers, and investors are seeking detailed site information before making significant commitments. Understanding a property’s development constraints and opportunities before purchase can help avoid costly surprises after settlement.

Some industry observers believe the change reflects a broader evolution within construction.

Historically, many decisions relied heavily on experience, judgement, and assumptions developed over years in the industry. While expertise remains essential, technology now provides access to more detailed information than ever before.

That information allows decisions to be supported by evidence rather than estimates.

The benefits extend beyond financial considerations.

Accurate site data can help improve drainage outcomes, reduce environmental impacts, minimise disputes with neighbouring properties, and support more efficient approval processes.

For property owners, the growing emphasis on data may not always be visible. The finished building often receives the attention, while the work that informed its design remains largely unseen.

Yet industry professionals increasingly view that hidden information as one of the most important components of project success.

Before construction begins, before designs are finalised, and before budgets are locked in, understanding the land has become a priority.

In an industry where mistakes can be costly and delays can affect entire projects, more developers are reaching the same conclusion.

The smartest decisions are often made long before construction starts, and those decisions begin with reliable data.

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Victoria Kennedy Speaks on Power and Purpose at Anthony Ritossa’s 31st Global Family Office Investment Summit in Miami

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Victorious PR

Key Takeaways

  • Victoria Kennedy joined the WOMAN LED panel at the 31st Global Family Office Investment Summit, sharing the stage with Queen Diambi and HRH May Liu.
  • The summit opened with Victoria delivering a live performance of the U.S. National Anthem before more than 300 investors at Trump International Beach Resort in Miami.
  • Ritossa is set to host Victoria again at the 32nd Anniversary Edition in Lake Como, Italy, this June, marking another return invitation.

The 31st Global Family Office Investment Summit returned to the Trump International Beach Resort in Miami from May 5 to 7, 2026, drawing more than 300 investors, family office principals, and industry leaders for two days of discussions on capital, governance, and the next decade of family office strategy. The gathering took place days after the Miami Formula 1 Grand Prix, with delegates extending their stay in South Florida for the program.

Among the speakers who took the Ocean Ballroom stage was Victoria Kennedy, CEO of Victorious PR and an award-winning international classical crossover singer, who opened the summit with a live performance of the U.S. National Anthem and later joined the WOMAN LED panel on power, purpose, and the new architecture of influence.

Hosted by Anthony Ritossa under the patronage of H.H. Sheikha Jawaher Bint Khalifa Al Khalifa, the 31st edition marked a decade since the series launched, with programming spanning healthcare and longevity, digital assets, venture capital, real estate tokenization, and co-investment.

Inside the WOMAN-LED Panel

The WOMAN LED panel placed Victoria alongside speakers from distinct fields of influence. Her Majesty Queen Diambi Kabatusuila of the Democratic Republic of Congo brought perspectives on hereditary leadership and African development. HRH May Liu of the Superstar Art Foundation and Royal Family Liu Holdings brought decades of work across film, art, and philanthropy.

Moderated by Katie Hilborn of NextGen Stewardship and Compass Rose International, the conversation focused on how power, capital, and impact are being redefined for a new generation of leaders. Victoria contributed from a public relations perspective, drawing on her work at Victorious PR, where she advises founders and executives on translating authority into media visibility and long-term brand positioning.

The session sat within a wider summit agenda combining keynotes on AI accountability, healthcare and longevity, real estate tokenization, and co-investment opportunities. The WOMAN LED panel drew one of the larger audiences of day one, with delegates from family offices across the Middle East, the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa gathering to hear how the group sees the next decade of influence taking shape.

Ritossa has built the summit series across multiple continents over the past decade, and the 31st edition reflected its standing as one of the more established forums on the global family office calendar. Victoria has appeared at previous editions, with her continued participation reflecting the summit’s focus on voices grounded in leadership and enterprise.

Speaking Work Beyond the Miami Summit

Victoria’s appearance in Miami is part of a broader speaking portfolio that includes the TEDx stage and the 2026 Davos Communications Summit and Awards in Switzerland, hosted by the World Communications Forum Association.

Her industry engagement includes serving as Master of Ceremonies and host of the Blockchain Expo in Santa Clarita, and as a moderator and speaker at the Summit of Europe in Lake Como, as well as at previous editions of the Ritossa-led Global Family Office Investment Summit series.

Across these forums, her focus has remained on communications strategy and the role of visibility in how founders and executives position themselves within competitive markets. Her appearances combine panel work with thought leadership on how founders use earned media to build credibility, with press coverage framed as a compounding asset rather than a one-off placement.

A Standing Invitation to Lake Como

Across her appearances on the Ritossa stage, Victoria has built a longstanding relationship with the summit series. Ritossa is set to host her again at the 32nd Anniversary Edition, taking place from June 23 to 25, 2026, on the shores of Lake Como in Northern Italy. Positioned as one of Europe’s most influential private wealth gatherings of the year, the summit will continue its focus on AI, private equity, real estate, healthcare, sustainability, hospitality, and fintech.

Lake Como represents the next chapter in a global summit circuit that has already established Dubai and Miami as key gateway cities, with Bahrain announced as a future host location. The Italian edition is expected to convene royal families, sovereign wealth representatives, family offices, and next-generation entrepreneurs from across Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas.

For Victoria, the invitation reinforces her role within conversations surrounding communications, executive visibility, and influence at the highest levels of business and investment. Her continued participation reflects the summit’s emphasis on leaders operating at the intersection of communications, investment, and executive visibility.

About Victoria Kennedy 

Victoria Kennedy is a Wall Street Journal best-selling author, TEDx speaker, and well-respected authority in public relations who has spoken at events for ambassadors, lords, and dignitaries in such prestigious locations as the House of Commons and Guildhall in London and the Vatican. She is the CEO of Victorious PR, an award-winning, multi-million dollar PR agency that has helped dozens of businesses become the #1 Authority in their niche by getting them featured in top podcasts and press. To gain more credibility and authority in your market, please visit victoriouspr.com

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Local vs Long Distance Moves What You Need to Know

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Local vs Long Distance Moves What You Need to Know

Not all moves are the same. A short move across town and a long-distance relocation come with very different challenges. Many people assume the process is similar, just with more miles added. That’s not the case. The planning, cost structure, and level of coordination all change once distance increases.

Pricing Works Differently

Local moves are usually charged by the hour. You pay based on how long the job takes, the number of movers, and sometimes the size of the truck. That means efficiency matters. The faster everything gets packed, loaded, and delivered, the lower the cost.

Long-distance moves are typically priced based on weight, volume, and distance. Instead of hours, you’re paying for space in the truck and how far it needs to travel. Additional services like packing, storage, or special handling can also affect the final price.

Understanding this difference helps you budget properly and avoid surprises.

Planning Timelines Are Not the Same

A local move can often be organized within a few days if needed. Long-distance moves require much more lead time.

You’ll need to coordinate pickup and delivery windows, which may not be on the same day. In some cases, your belongings will share space with other shipments, which can extend delivery times.

Booking early is essential for long-distance moves, especially during peak seasons.

Logistics Get More Complex

With local moves, everything usually happens in one day. The same crew loads, transports, and unloads your items.

Long-distance moves involve more moving parts. There may be different teams handling pickup and delivery. Routes need to be planned carefully, and delays such as weather or traffic can affect timing.

Some moves also involve temporary storage if your new place isn’t ready yet. That adds another layer of coordination.

Packing Standards Are Higher for Long Distance

When your belongings travel longer distances, they face more movement inside the truck. That increases the risk of damage if items aren’t packed properly.

For local moves, basic packing may be enough. For long-distance relocations, stronger boxes, better padding, and more secure wrapping are essential.

Professional movers in Toronto often recommend full or partial packing services for longer moves to reduce risk.

Delivery Expectations Differ

Local moves are straightforward. Your items arrive the same day, and you can start unpacking immediately.

Long-distance moves usually come with a delivery window rather than a fixed time. Depending on distance and logistics, it could take several days or even weeks for your belongings to arrive.

That means you’ll need to plan for essentials separately, including clothing, documents, and daily necessities.

Risk Increases With Distance

The longer your items are in transit, the greater the exposure to potential issues. Road conditions, handling during transfers, and extended travel time all play a role.

That’s why insurance or valuation coverage becomes more important for long-distance moves. It provides an added layer of protection if something goes wrong.

Choosing the Right Moving Company Matters More

For local moves, many companies can handle the job competently. For long-distance relocations, experience becomes critical.

You need a company that understands logistics, communicates clearly, and has a track record of handling longer routes. Delays, poor coordination, or lack of communication can quickly turn into major problems.

Check reviews, ask questions, and make sure everything is clearly outlined in the agreement.

Local and long-distance moves may seem similar on the surface, but they require very different approaches. A short move focuses on speed and efficiency. A long-distance move demands planning, coordination, and stronger protection for your belongings.

Knowing these differences helps you prepare properly and avoid costly mistakes. With the right approach and the right movers, both types of moves can be handled smoothly from start to finish.

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